I Hear the Wind Call My Name the Sound That Leads Me Home Again
| E | |
|---|---|
| Eastward due east | |
| (Encounter below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organization | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | 5 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time flow | c. 700 BC to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Run across beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other letters unremarkably used with | ee |
E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the alphabet in the modern English language alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English language is e (pronounced ); plural ees,[i] Es or East'due south.[2] Information technology is the almost commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German language, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Castilian, and Swedish. [3] [4] [5] [six] [7]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan Eastward | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started equally a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was nearly likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a dissimilar pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter of the alphabet represented /h/ (and /due east/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the alphabetic character epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper name of the letter ⟨e⟩ in European languages
English
Although Heart English spelling used ⟨eastward⟩ to represent long and brusque /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, mostly at the end of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [due east], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such every bit a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (every bit: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German language, or Saanich, ⟨eastward⟩ represents a mid-fundamental vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to bespeak either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨european union⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨eastward⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Most common letter of the alphabet
'East' is the about common (or highest-frequency) alphabetic character in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Gold-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a grapheme figures out a random character code by remembering that the virtually used letter in English is East. This makes information technology a hard and popular letter to utilize when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright'southward narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E."[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered improve works.[nine]
- E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[ten]
- ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[eleven]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used higher up a vowel letter in High german and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript due east)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet but uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open up east, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open up e with retroflex claw[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open up east with hook, which represents a rhotacized open up-mid primal vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter pocket-size reversed epsilon / open e[ten]
- ɞ : Latin small letter of the alphabet closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid key rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA nautical chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid primal vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin alphabetic character reversed eastward, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN Alphabetic character Modest Majuscule East
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Open E
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER LETTER Majuscule Eastward
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Due east
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet SMALL TURNED Open up E
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER SMALL Upper-case letter TURNED E [13]
- eastward : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies[xiv]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription arrangement symbols related to E:[xv]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN SMALL Letter BLACKLETTER E
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN Small-scale LETTER BARRED E
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter of the alphabet), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic alphabetic character Eastward
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic Due east, which is the ancestor of mod Latin East
- ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Quondam Italic E
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged appurtenances for auction inside the Eu).
- e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for prepare membership in set up theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Code points
| Preview | E | e | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper noun | LATIN Majuscule LETTER E | LATIN Pocket-size Letter of the alphabet E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-8 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII 1 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'east' is signed by extending the index finger of the right mitt touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base xvi) numbering organization, E is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
References
- ^ "Eastward" a letter Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English language Language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the proper noun of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered East'due south, Eastwards, e's, or due easts.
- ^ "E". Oxford Lexicon of English language (third ed.). Oxford Academy Printing. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
noun (plural Es or East'south)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Alphabetic character frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Messages in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in Castilian". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
- ^ Eckler (1996): three. Perec's novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
- ^ a b c d Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding iii Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode half-dozen Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/eleven-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E
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